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Quebec - Patriotic flag before 1900 (Canada)

Indépendantistes du Québec

Patriotic Flag before 1837
Patriotic Flags after 1839
Carillon-Sacré-Coeur

See also:

Patriotic flag before 1837-39

image by Luc-Vartan Baronian

image by Ivan Sache, 23 December 2006

image by ND, 25 July 2008
Source: painting illustration in Québec Canada Grandeur Nature (December 1999)

Proportions 1:2 and 2:3 are seen.

Horizontal green-white-red, sometimes seen with a yellow star, near the hoist in the green stripe.

The green represents the Irish in the ranks of the Patriots. The flag in its whole is a revolutionary flag (it was adopted in the early 1800s).
Use of the flag

The addition of the star seems to be of this century.

The original flag was used by the Parti Patriote, a mainly French-Canadian party, but that also had many Irish members and some English members. This flag was banned by the British authorities, after the 1837-1839 revolution in Lower Canada (actual Quebec).

In the '60s and '70s it was used by the FLQ. It even flew in Alger (Algeria!) where an FLQ branch was officially recognized and financed by the government.

Today it is seen in many nationalist manifestations and in commemorations of the Patriots. A new party, the MNLQ (Mouvement National de Liberation du Quebec) founded by the ex-leader of the Algeria faction of the FLQ uses the starred version. (It is considered an extremist party).

NB: If you're ever in Montreal, visit the Musee du Chateau Ramezay; you will see the Patriot flag of the St-Eustache battle (it has a fish, maple leaves, etc.).
Luc-Vartan Baronian, 14 March 1997

This flag (without star) was used during the Rebellion led by Louis-Joseph Papineau in 1837-1838 to establish a republic in the by-then Lower Canada, which corresponds to the Province of Quebec now.
Michel Simard, 30 September 1998

The independentist website "L'Indépendance du Québec" presents different hypotheses on the meaning of the Patriote flag (horizontally divided green-white-red).

The most plausible hypothesis claims that the first flag used in Nouvelle-France was modeled on the French national flag, but with the stripes placed horizontally. Green would have later replaced blue in order to represent the Irish component of the population of the country. An other hypothesis says that green represents hope, white the purity of the cause, and red the loyalty to the British Crown, from which they initially did not want to secede. This meaning would have disappeared in autumn 1837 when the rebellions broke out. The combination of these two hypotheses would led to attribute green to the Irish, white to the French Canadian and red to the Brits. I stress again that these are only hypotheses and that the original phrasing in the source website is very cautious.

The same source shows the photography of a Patriot flag kept in the funeral chapel of the Papineau Manor at Montebello. Louis-Joseph Papineau (1786-1871) was the leader of the Patriot rebellion in 1836-1837. It is horizontally divided green (faded to brown)-white-red with the black letters PLH in the white stripe. PLH seems to stand for Patrie - Liberté - Honneur (Fatherland - Freedom - Honour).

More details on the Papineau Manor, including the photography of the flag, at Le Manoir Papineau
Ivan Sache, 23 December 2006

And so it should considering the first hypothesis: New France ceased to exist by the treaty of Paris a good 26 years before the taking of the Bastille so the use of any republican French- inspired flag in the North American French colonies would have been visionary to say the least.

As to the second, I have heard that same explanation before when visiting the "Maison des Patriotes", an Interpretation center dedicated to the Patriot Rebellion in Saint-Denis (Quebec). While it is plausible, I don't think there is any contemporary sources that give this rationale (or any other unfortunately).
Marc Pasquin, 23 December 2006

Patriotic Flags after 1839

image by Jaume Olle
Source: "Flags of Quebec" by François Beaudoin, Flag Bulletin, Vol. XXIII, No. 5 / 107, September-October 1984, pgs. 149-163.

These flags are based on the French tricolore.

Until the 1837-1839 rebellion, green-white-red horizontals were very popular in Lower Canada.

After the rebellion, the British banned the use of such flags, therefore French-Canadians started looking for new identifying flags. Variations on the French tricolore became the most popular choice in the second half of the XIXth century in what was now known as Quebec (since 1867). These flags had the advantage of being tolerated by the British authorities because of the alliance between France and the UK in the Crimean war against Russia from 1853 to 1871. Different variations include traditional French-Canadian symbols : maple leaves, beavers, the sacred heart.

Carillon-Sacré-Coeur

image located by Bill Garrison, 30 July 2015

This flag was posted on e-Bay and described as follows:

Flag, (Canada) Quebec separatist Rare Early 1900s
Quebec French Canada Separatist Sewn Flag Carillon-Sacré-Coeur

Early French Quebec separatist flag known as the Carillon-Sacré-Coeur. The flag was used to promote French Nationalism throughout French-speaking Canada, not just inside Quebec, but from Manitoba to the East Coast. Notably, the Saint-Jean-Baptiste Society (French: Société Saint-Jean-Baptiste) also used the flag. The society's goal was to promote French sovereignty in Canada. Of interest, Louis Riel was vice-president of the Saint-Jean-Baptiste Society in Manitoba following the Red River Rebellion in 1870. The flag more or less disappeared into obscurity in the 1960s, due mostly in part to the quiet revolution, which lead to the divergence of Catholicism and Quebec and the separatist cause. The flag is larger in size, it measures approx. 43 inches by 70 inches.

Bill Garrison, 30 July 2015